Final answer:
The structure composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule is called the renal corpuscle, which is part of the nephron and serves as the initial filtering component.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structure of the nephron composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule is known as the renal corpuscle. The renal corpuscle acts as a filtration unit within the nephron, which is the fundamental functional unit of the kidney. The Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and together they filter blood to form urine. The other structures mentioned, such as the Loop of Henle, Proximal convoluted tubule, and Distal convoluted tubule, are all part of the renal tubule which extends from the renal corpuscle. Incorrect options include the Loop of Henle, which is split into the ascending and descending limbs and lies between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and empties into the distal convoluted tubule, ultimately leading to the collecting ducts. Thus, the correct answer to the question is d) Renal corpuscle.