Question

The causes of preterm labor are not fully understood although many factors have been associated with early labor. These include (select all that apply)

a. Singleton pregnancy
b. History of cone biopsy
c. Smoking
d. Short cervical length
e. Higher level of education

Answer 1

Several factors have been associated with preterm labor, including singleton pregnancy, history of cone biopsy, smoking, short cervical length, and higher levels of education. Smoking during pregnancy can lead to various complications, including preterm labor and other negative outcomes. The effects of smoking on pregnancy may be due to the presence of harmful components in cigarettes.

Step-by-step explanation:

The causes of preterm labor are not fully understood, but several factors have been associated with early labor. These include singleton pregnancy, history of cone biopsy, smoking, short cervical length, and higher levels of education. Smoking, in particular, has been linked to preterm labor, along with other complications such as growth retar-dation, prelabor rupture of the membranes, abruption of the placenta, spontaneous abortion, perinatal morbidity and mortality, and sudden infant death syndrome. The effects of smoking during pregnancy may be due to the binding of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin and other harmful components found in cigarettes.