Final answer:
To manage fetal distress during labor and delivery, interventions such as increasing IV fluids, administering tocolytic agents, performing an emergency cesarean section, or changing maternal position may be used to address irregular fetal heart rates and ensure the safety of the fetus.
Step-by-step explanation:
Management of fetal distress during labor and delivery involves interventions to ensure the safety of both the fetus and the mother. Fetal distress is often indicated by an irregular fetal heart rate (FHR), which suggests that the fetus is not coping well with the labor process, potentially due to inadequate oxygenation during contractions. Treatment for fetal distress may include:
- Increasing intravenous fluid administration to support maternal blood pressure and, by extension, placental blood flow.
- Administering tocolytic agents to temporarily slow or stop contractions, allowing for recovery and oxygenation.
- Performing an emergency cesarean section if rapid delivery is required to resolve the distress and there is insufficient time for labor to progress naturally or if the distress becomes severe.
- Maternal position changes to improve blood flow and fetal oxygenation — though encourage maternal ambulation may not be specifically advised, as rest and oxygen might be more beneficial.
It is important to closely monitor labor progression and fetal well-being. Procedures such as vacuum or forceps delivery may be considered if the cervix is fully dilated and the fetus is in a position to be safely delivered in this manner.