Final answer:
The non-GI symptoms of carcinoid syndrome include flushing and wheezing. Flushing is a temporary redness of the skin while wheezing reflects obstruction of the air passages. Option a) Flushing, wheezing, diarrhea provides the direct answer with the appropriate non-GI symptoms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The non-GI symptoms of carcinoid syndrome are typically flushing, wheezing, and diarrhea. However, a direct answer to the student's question is option a) Flushing, wheezing, diarrhea, where flushing and wheezing are non-GI symptoms.
Carcinoid syndrome is a collection of symptoms that some individuals develop as a result of carcinoid tumors, which are slow-growing tumors usually found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While many of the symptoms are related to the GI tract, there are notable symptoms that do not involve it directly. For instance, flushing is a sudden, temporary redness of the face and neck. Wheezing is a whistling sound made while breathing that suggests airflow obstruction in the air passages. These non-GI symptoms occur due to the release of certain chemicals by the tumor, such as serotonin, into the bloodstream that can cause widespread effects.