The given statement "The maximum cardinality of a relationship is the maximum number of instances of entity B that may be associated with each instance of entity A" is false because waves can affect each other's amplitude through constructive or destructive interference, regardless of being perfectly aligned.
The correct answer to the given question is option b).
The statement 'The amplitude of one wave is affected by the amplitude of another wave only when they are precisely aligned' is false.
In physics, specifically when studying waves, this alignment of waves is known as constructive interference, where two waves in phase can add up to a wave with larger amplitude.
However, waves can affect each other's amplitude even when not perfectly aligned. This phenomenon is part of what's called wave interference, which can be constructive (amplitudes add) or destructive (amplitudes subtract) depending on the degree of alignment and the phase difference between the waves.