Final answer:
The correct answer is option A which lists hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, dizziness, and headache as four adverse effects of potassium-sparing diuretics. Hyperkalemia can lead to severe cardiac and nervous system issues, while hyponatremia can result in confusion and muscular weakness.
Step-by-step explanation:
Adverse Effects of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
The correct list of 4 adverse effects of potassium-sparing diuretics is option A: Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, dizziness, headache. Hyperkalemia is a condition where potassium accumulates in the blood, leading to symptoms including malaise and potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Hyponatremia is a state of low sodium in the blood that can result from these diuretics. Dizziness and headache can occur as side effects of many medications, including diuretics. Other serious potential adverse effects include decreasing erythropoietin synthesis (leading to anemia and fatigue) and fluid volume overload (ranging from mild edema to life-threatening pulmonary edema).
Hyperkalemia can severely affect skeletal muscles, the nervous system, and the heart, sometimes causing partial depolarization of muscle fibers and neurons. This can result in malfunction of the heart and respiratory muscles, posing a life-threatening risk. Hyponatremia can lead to mental confusion and muscular weakness. Other side effects not listed in option A can include gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and indigestion, as well as cardiovascular issues like increased heart rate and hypertension.