Final answer:
Golgi type II or local circuit neurons are involved in local information processing within the brain, playing a crucial role in sensory input and motor output modulation in specific areas. They are not associated with long-distance signaling, muscle contraction, or hormone secretion.
Step-by-step explanation:
Golgi type II or local circuit neurons are primarily involved in local information processing (b). These neurons have short axons and typically connect with nearby neurons within the same region of the brain, orchestrating local circuit connectivity. These neurons contribute to the processing and modulation of sensory input and motor output in a specific area.
Hormone secretion (d) is the release of hormones into the bloodstream by glands such as the pituitary, pertinent to endocrine signaling. When chemical signals are released at the axon terminals of neurons, they transmit signals through synapses into other neurons via the second neuron's axons. Hormonal secretion by the pituitary gland is an example of endocrine signaling (c), which operates over longer distances and durations relative to local circuit signaling.