Final Answer:
Missed approach instructions are typically issued B) During descent.
Step-by-step explanation:
Missed approach instructions are provided to pilots during the descent phase of an approach to an airport, usually when conducting an instrument approach for landing. This occurs if the conditions or circumstances make it unsafe to continue the approach for landing. Common reasons for issuing missed approach instructions include poor visibility, unfavorable weather conditions, or other factors affecting safe landing.
Options A (Before taxiing), C (While cruising), and D (After landing) are not the typical points in the flight sequence for the issuance of missed approach instructions. These instructions are crucial for ensuring safe and controlled go-arounds during the approach phase when landing conditions become challenging.
Option B is the answer.