Final answer:
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by the skull and spinal column, respectively, as well as three layers of meninges. The CNS processes and directs actions throughout the body.
Step-by-step explanation:
Central Nervous System Components
The central nervous system is comprised of two primary components: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the body, consisting of crucial parts such as the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. The spinal cord serves as a vital communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body. It is encased in the spinal column, otherwise known as the vertebral column, for protection. Both the brain and the spinal cord are safeguarded by the skull and a series of three protective membranes called the meninges, which include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Together, the brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, distinct from the peripheral nervous system, which is responsible for connecting the CNS to limbs and organs. The CNS is fundamental in processing information and directing actions throughout the body, playing a pivotal role in both voluntary actions like walking and involuntary ones like breathing.