Answer:
Peptide hormones usually affect a cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell membrane's surface. When these hormones bind to their respective receptors, it triggers a cascade of intracellular events that can lead to various responses within the cell.
Upon binding to the receptor, peptide hormones often activate secondary messenger systems inside the cell, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) or calcium ions. These secondary messengers, in turn, initiate a series of biochemical reactions that eventually lead to changes in the cell's function or gene expression. The specific effects can vary widely depending on the type of peptide hormone and the target cell, but they often involve regulating processes like metabolism, growth, development, or signaling within the organism.
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