Final Answer:
The four nursing actions for the second stage of labor are:
d. Assist with positioning, support perineum, monitor for signs of crowning, provide encouragement
Step-by-step explanation:
The second stage of labor involves specific nursing actions to support the mother through the active pushing and delivery phase. Assisting with positioning ensures an optimal birthing posture, while supporting the perineum helps minimize trauma. Monitoring for signs of crowning indicates the progression of labor and readiness for delivery. Emotional support through encouragement is vital for the mother's well-being and can positively impact the birthing experience. These actions collectively contribute to a safe and supportive environment for both the mother and the newborn. While other options may involve relevant nursing actions, option d specifically addresses the actions pertinent to the second stage of labor, emphasizing the importance of positioning, perineal support, crowning awareness, and emotional encouragement.