Final answer:
The notion that arbitrary targets are endorsed in Total Quality Management (TQM) is false. TQM targets need to be SMART, and a precise but inaccurate set of measurements refers to consistent but off-target results, whereas a precise and accurate set reflects consistent and on-target results. Targets that are neither precise nor accurate show inconsistent and off-target results.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that setting an arbitrary target is a well-endorsed technique for Total Quality Management (TQM) is false. In TQM, targets should be SMART – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. An arbitrary target is unlikely to meet these criteria and, therefore, may not be effective.
When considering measurements and targets:
- Precise but inaccurate measurements are consistent but do not hit the true value – like darts clustering in an area away from the bulls-eye.
- Precise and accurate measurements are both consistent and close to the true value – darts landing on or near the bulls-eye.
- Measurements that are neither precise nor accurate are both inconsistent and not close to the true value – darts scattered all over the dartboard.
Setting a target in TQM should involve asking questions about what the target is supposed to achieve (Relevant and result-based) and how progress towards the target will be measured (Measurable and motivational). Targets should be realistic and within reach (Achievable and appropriate) to ensure they are effective tools for measurement and improvement.