Final Answer:
Protamine sulfate neutralizes warfarin by forming a complex, restoring normal clotting; unlike vitamin C and naloxone. Thus, the correct option is c) Protamine sulfate.
Step-by-step explanation:
Protamine sulfate is the reversal agent for Coumadin (warfarin) toxicity. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist that interferes with the clotting cascade. In cases of excessive anticoagulation leading to bleeding or other complications, protamine sulfate can be administered to counteract the effects of warfarin.
Protamine sulfate acts by binding to and neutralizing the anticoagulant effects of warfarin. Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (Factors II, VII, IX, and X) by interfering with their synthesis. Protamine sulfate, a positively charged molecule, forms a complex with the negatively charged warfarin molecules, rendering them inactive. This reversal helps restore normal clotting function and is particularly important in emergency situations where rapid correction is required to prevent or manage bleeding complications.
It's crucial to note that other options like vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and naloxone are not applicable for Coumadin toxicity reversal. Vitamin C is not involved in the clotting cascade, and naloxone is used for opioid toxicity reversal. Understanding the specific mechanisms and interactions of these substances is essential for making informed clinical decisions. In the case of warfarin toxicity, protamine sulfate stands out as the targeted and effective reversal agent, playing a critical role in managing patients with excessive anticoagulation.
Therefore, the correct option is c) Protamine sulfate.