Final answer:
A lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, is a procedure used to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It is performed to diagnose conditions such as meningitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage, evaluate neuroinflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis, assess CSF pressure, and provide therapeutic relief in cases of increased intracranial pressure.
Step-by-step explanation:
A lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lumbar region of the vertebral column to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing. This procedure is performed to diagnose and treat various neurological conditions.
Clinical indications for performing a lumbar puncture include:
- Diagnosis of meningitis: CSF analysis can help identify the presence of pathogens in cases of suspected meningitis.
- Detection of subarachnoid hemorrhage: The presence of blood in the CSF can indicate a hemorrhage in the subarachnoid space.
- Evaluation of neuroinflammatory conditions: CSF analysis can provide information about the presence of inflammatory markers, such as oligoclonal bands, which are indicative of conditions like multiple sclerosis.
- Assessment of CSF pressure: Lumbar puncture can be used to measure CSF pressure, which can help diagnose conditions like hydrocephalus.
- Therapeutic applications: In certain cases, lumbar puncture can be used to remove excess CSF to relieve symptoms caused by increased intracranial pressure.