Question

The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is suspected when which of the following is noted? Select all that apply.

a. Dyspnea and fatigue disproportionate to pulmonary function abnormalities

b. Right ventricular enlargement

c. Elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

d. Enlargement of central pulmonary arteries

e. Left ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 1

The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension associated with COPD is suspected when dyspnea, fatigue disproportionate to pulmonary function abnormalities, right ventricular enlargement, elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and enlargement of central pulmonary arteries are noted.

Step-by-step explanation:

The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is suspected when the following are noted:

1. Dyspnea and fatigue disproportionate to pulmonary function abnormalities: Patients may experience shortness of breath and fatigue that are not in line with their lung function abnormalities.
2. Right ventricular enlargement: As a result of increased pressure in the pulmonary artery, the right ventricle of the heart may enlarge.
3. Elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): BNP levels may be increased, indicating increased stress on the heart.
4. Enlargement of central pulmonary arteries: Chest imaging may reveal enlargement of the central pulmonary arteries.

Left ventricular hypertrophy, on the other hand, is not typically associated with pulmonary hypertension in the context of COPD.