Final answer:
Early Islamic scholars' remarkable achievement was the development of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, fundamentally changing mathematics (a). They also played a key role in paper-making technology, allowing for the widespread production and sharing of knowledge.
Step-by-step explanation:
Achievements of Early Islamic Scholars
One of the significant achievements of early Islamic scholars was the development of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. This system was based on earlier Indian characters and included the concept of zero, which was revolutionary for mathematics. It made calculations easier and more efficient compared to the Roman numeral system, which lacked a symbol for zero. Islamic scholars also played a crucial role in intellectual developments through the translation and preservation of ancient texts and knowledge. Additionally, they contributed to the invention of algebra and trigonometry, impacting the mathematical world profoundly.
Although paper was introduced from China, Islamic scholars were instrumental in spreading the technology of paper-making, augmenting the widespread creation of cheaper books and the dissemination of knowledge. The mass production of books and the establishment of libraries like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad are testament to their scholarly advancements.
Despite the significant development of military technology, particularly relating to the use of gunpowder in the Islamic world, this was not an original invention by Islamic scholars but rather an adaptation of Chinese technology. The correct answer to the student's question would be option a. the Hindu-Arabic numeral system.