Final answer:
Politicians using political power for personal gain is known as graft, which is an unethical practice and different from patronage, lobbying, and filibustering.
Step-by-step explanation:
The act of a politician using their political power for their own personal gain is referred to as graft. This unethical practice can range from accepting bribes to engaging in insider trading using privileged government information. In contrast, patronage involves giving government jobs and benefits to supporters, lobbying is the act of influencing legislators by special interest groups or individuals, and filibustering is a legislative strategy to extend debate and delay or prevent a vote on a proposal. The phenomenon of pork-barrel spending where lawmakers funnel government funds towards specific projects that benefit their own constituents is another example of how politicians might leverage their position, though not necessarily for personal gain but rather for local or regional advantage.