Final answer:
The negative effects of urbanization include the growth of corrupt political machines, lack of clean water, and increased crime and risk of fires due to overcrowding and strained city infrastructures.
Step-by-step explanation:
The negative effects of urbanization include several detrimental impacts on society and the environment. For instance, A) the growth of political machines during the urbanization period often led to increased corruption and manipulation of votes, which helped maintain the power of certain groups over city politics, as demonstrated through increased city taxes due to graft.
D) Lack of clean water and air pollution were also significant issues; as cities grew densely populated, the strain on infrastructures meant that basic utilities could not keep up, leading to public health crises such as outbreaks of cholera and tuberculosis. Finally, E) increased crime and increased risk of fire were more prevalent in urban environments. High densities of people and the impersonality of large cities made it easier for illegal activities to thrive, and overcrowded living conditions raised the potential for large-scale fires.