Final answer:
Critical thinking involves evaluating the logic of an argument, verifying empirical evidence, scrutinizing conceptual claims, considering counterexamples, and assessing the reliability of the claimant. It also includes moral reasoning through continuous dialectical inquiry and reflection, coupled with a stance of epistemic humility to recognize the limits of knowledge. Both inductive and deductive reasoning are essential in the scientific method, which is the foundation of scientific research.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the critical thinking process used for assessing what seems reasonable or can be concluded from available information, one must evaluate the logic of the argument and the truth of premises. When empirical evidence is presented, it's essential to verify facts. If principles are claimed as evidence, questioning any exceptions is crucial. Similarly, conceptual claims require scrutiny to understand their validity, often considering potential counterexamples. Furthermore, recognizing the expertise of the claimant, potential biases, and justification of the claim given the evidence is part of a healthy skepticism.
The Post Modern Dialectical Process emphasizes the importance of examining and reflecting on one's moral beliefs and principles, to ensure reasoning is consistent and coherent. Challenging moral arguments with dialectical inquiry is necessary for the continuous process of moral reasoning and ethical principle evaluation. This process is integral for reaching well-reasoned, morally correct conclusions that withstand ongoing review and criticism.
Adopting a stance of epistemic humility is also significant in critical thinking, acknowledging the limitations and fragility of human knowledge. Combining this with effective strategies like the SIFT method can help fact-check information and claims critically. Ultimately, both inductive and deductive reasoning are integral parts of scientific research, advancing knowledge through the iterative process of the scientific method.