Final answer:
Christians and Jews in the Islamic empires were excluded from political and military positions, but were generally allowed to practice their religions and engage in various professions.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the Islamic empires, Christians and Jews were excluded from certain positions, particularly in the political and military spheres. Muslims held authority and leadership positions in the empires, while Christians and Jews were typically not allowed to hold high-ranking positions or serve in the military. However, Christians and Jews were generally allowed to practice their religions and engage in various professions such as merchants, scholars, bankers, and traders.