Final answer:
The Progressive Era was a response to the challenges of the Industrial Revolution, aimed at reforming various societal issues through grassroots and governmental efforts. The correct option is d).
Step-by-step explanation:
The Progressive Era in American History came about as a direct response to the challenges and changes brought by the Industrial Revolution.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by rapid industrialization, which lead to the growth of large corporations, the rise of urban sprawl, immigration, and a range of social issues including corrupt politics, poor working conditions, and increasing social inequality.
The Progressive movement sought to address these concerns through reforms and was punctuated by the efforts of muckraking journalists who uncovered and exposed societal issues, advocating for change.
This era of reform took place prior to the Roaring 20's, becoming prominent during the first two decades of the twentieth century. Hence, option d) is the correct one.