Final answer:
Chandragupta and Kautilya organized the Mauryan Empire through a centralized administration, which included a structured military and civilian bureaucracy overseeing various aspects of the economy and infrastructure. The correct option is A.
Step-by-step explanation:
Chandragupta Maurya and Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, were instrumental in the political organization of the Mauryan Empire. The empire's political structure was characterized by a centralized administration. This system included a large, well-equipped army managed by a war office with divisions for the navy, and departments responsible for raising horses and elephants for cavalry warfare.
Additionally, a civilian bureaucracy was in charge of ministries that managed various industries, such as weaving, mining, and shipbuilding, and was also tasked with infrastructure development like irrigation, road construction, and tax collection. This level of political organization supports the highly structured and centralized nature of the Mauryan government.