Final answer:
Progressive reforms aimed at increasing citizen participation and introducing forms of direct democracy, such as initiative, referendum, and recall, along with the 17th Amendment enabling the direct election of U.S. Senators.
Step-by-step explanation:
The progressive reforms such as initiative, referendum, recall, the 17th Amendment, and the 19th Amendment were political concepts established for the purpose of increasing citizen participation in the electoral process. The initiative allowed citizens to propose new laws through a petition, which would then be placed on the ballot for a public vote.
Referendum enabled citizens to approve or veto laws passed by the legislature, and recall was a process by which citizens could remove elected officials from office via a vote. The 17th Amendment instituted the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people, rather than by state legislatures. This suite of reforms aimed at creating more direct democracy, where citizens had more direct influence and power over legislation and elected officials.