Final answer:
It is not possible to accurately determine the value of the variable p without the complete context or specific problem that needs to be solved.
Step-by-step explanation:
Without additional context or accompanying equations, it is not possible to determine the value of p solely based on the options provided (a. -2, b. 2, c. 22, d. None of the above).
The provided snippets of information seem to be related to various mathematical and scientific concepts, such as atomic radius in chemistry, and proportion in statistics. However, these snippets are not directly related to the determination of variable p, thus it would be inappropriate to answer the question without the complete context or specific problem statement that requires solving for p.
If there is a specific equation or context the student has omitted, I would encourage them to provide that information so that an accurate solution can be found.