Final answer:
A receptor protein is responsible for transmitting information into the cell when molecules attach to it, initiating a cellular response.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of protein that transmits information into the cell by having other molecules attach to it is a receptor protein. Receptor proteins are essential in cell communication processes. They are located on the cell surface and can selectively bind to a specific molecule outside the cell, called a ligand. This binding induces a chemical reaction or a signaling cascade within the cell. An example of such an interaction is nerve cell receptors binding neurotransmitters like dopamine, which then trigger the opening of an ion channel or other cellular responses.
Moreover, these receptor proteins are a subgroup of integral proteins, which are embedded in the plasma membrane. They can interact with hydrophobic or hydrophilic ligands, with the former typically initiating a signaling chain resulting in the making of a functional protein, and the latter often being involved in transcription and translation processes directly