Final answer:
Neurons are the nerve cells responsible for transmitting information from the brain to the body, carrying electrical signals along their axons to other nerve or muscle cells. They communicate via synapses using neurotransmitters and can adapt based on stimulus and use.
Step-by-step explanation:
The scientific name for nerve cells that transmit information from the brain to the body is B. neurons. Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system designed to transmit information throughout the body. These cells feature a comprehensive structure composed of a cell body (soma), dendrites, and a long extension called an axon, which is responsible for carrying electrical signals to various target cells, such as muscle cells or other neurons.
Neurons communicate with each other at junction points known as synapses, where they relay signals using chemicals called neurotransmitters. The neuron that sends out the signal is referred to as the presynaptic neuron, while the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron. The ability of neurons to transmit signals efficiently and adapt their synapses through conditioning and use gives the nervous system its complexity and aptitude for learning and memory.
Among these structures, the axon is specifically the part of a neuron that transmits the electrical signal to target cells. Myelin, produced by accessory cells, may envelope axons, providing insulation and enhancing the speed of signal transmission. Through this well-coordinated system, neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) can effectively manage a variety of bodily functions and responses.