Final answer:
The Constitution of the United States was adopted in b) 1787 and was ratified by each state at special ratifying conventions. It officially replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789, creating a stronger federal government.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Constitution of the United States was adopted in the year 1787. It was created on September 17, 1787, during the Constitutional Convention, which met with the initial purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. However, the result was the drafting of a completely new Constitution. The ratification process was by each state at special ratifying conventions, not at the Constitutional Convention itself, nor by a Confederation Convention or a popular referendum.
The Articles of Confederation, drafted in 1776-1777 and adopted in 1781, were found to be insufficient to manage the affairs of the new nation, leading to the Constitutional Convention's effort in 1787. After being drafted, the Constitution was submitted to the states for ratification. Delaware was the first to ratify it on December 7, 1787, and eventually, after Rhode Island ratified it on May 29, 1790, it achieved unanimous ratification by all 13 states.
Following its ratification, the Constitution officially replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789, significantly strengthening federal government powers and marking the creation of the new government of the United States.