Final answer:
The founding fathers enumerated powers in the Constitution to limit Congress' reach, ensure its authority to govern, and establish a clear governmental framework. Thus, the correct answer is d. All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The founding fathers gave Congress a list of enumerated powers in the Constitution for several key reasons. One was to limit the power of Congress by defining the specific areas in which it can legislate, which serves as a check against overreach. Another reason was to ensure that Congress had the authority to govern effectively in those areas vital to the nation, such as taxation, defense, and trade. Finally, they sought to provide a clear framework of government that would allow for enough flexibility to adapt to futre needs while maintaining a balance between national and state authorities. Answer choice d. All of the above best encapsulates these purposes.
The enumerated powers serve to both empower and limit Congress, ensuring a strong but controlled central government. The balance created by the Constitution, including Article I, Section 8, has been a hallmark of American political structure. It has allowed for a dynamic yet stable system where both national and state interests could be managed through a system of enumerated and implied powers, alongside a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms.