Final answer:
Ancient hajj emphasized simplicity and was smaller in scale with pilgrims arriving on foot, while the modern hajj involves complex infrastructure and organization to accommodate millions and requires extensive planning and logistics.
Step-by-step explanation:
Comparison of Ancient and Modern Hajj
When comparing ancient and modern hajj, several aspects come into focus. Ancient hajj was marked by simplicity and a smaller scale, with pilgrims arriving largely on foot, engaging deeply with their spiritual journey. On the other hand, modern hajj involves complex infrastructure to support the millions of pilgrims that arrive by plane, bus, or boat. Furthermore, modern hajj requires extensive planning and organization, including the advance purchase of sacrifice vouchers and dealing with logistics, making it a massive undertaking compared to ancient times. Finally, the sheer scale of modern hajj is significantly larger, accommodating a vast number of pilgrims from around the globe.
The ancient hajj focused mainly on individual contemplation and spiritual activities such as circling the Ka'aba and praying, which remain core to the hajj experience today. However, now these are performed alongside organized rituals like the symbolic stoning of the devil and animal sacrifice by a voucher.
Therefore, the correct answer is: d) All of the above.