Final answer:
James Madison opposed the development of b) political parties, fearing they could lead to factionalism and threaten the public interest.
Step-by-step explanation:
James Madison was opposed to b) political parties. This opposition stemmed from the belief that factions, as he termed them in Federalist No. 10, could be divisive and not conducive to the public interest.
Madison's concern was that too much unfettered democracy might lead to factions or groups with specific interests that could overpower the general welfare of the whole society.
This was a sentiment echoed by many of the nation's founders, including James Monroe during his presidency. Monroe actively sought to reduce the influence and development of political parties during his time in office, which followed the preliminary Federalist concerns on political parties.
Additionally, the ideology of this time period, especially during the Era of Good Feelings, promoted governance by an elite class of informed leaders that could manage the nation's affairs effectively.