Final answer:
Elected leaders in John Winthrop's argument derive their authority from the people, aligning with the principles of republicanism, as articulated by figures like James Madison and John Locke.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of John Winthrop's argument, the leaders get their authority from c) The people. This reflects the principles of republicanism, which became a foundational element of American political theory. Elected community leaders are designated by the citizens to represent their interests and uphold the laws, which are expressions of the society's will. Notably, in the late 1780s, James Madison articulated that a republican government is run by representatives elected by the people, and government powers are derived from the great body of the citizenry. Additionally, concepts from influential philosophers like John Locke reinforced that government should act in accordance with the will of the people and that citizens themselves would judge the actions of their rulers. These ideas starkly contrast divine right, which posits that a monarch's authority comes from divine sanction rather than popular consent.