Final answer:
The separation of mixtures in chromatography is based on adsorption and solubility differences, evaporation uses different boiling points, filtration exploits differences in particle size/state of matter, and fractional distillation separates based on boiling points.
Step-by-step explanation:
The specific differences in the properties of constituents of mixtures that are utilized to separate them in various separation techniques include:
- Chromatography relies on the difference in the tendency of the substances to adsorb to a solid phase and their solubility in the mobile phase.
- Evaporation utilizes the different boiling points of the constituents, allowing the more volatile component to change into a gas and leave behind the less volatile substances.
- Filtration is based on the difference in particle size or state of matter (solid vs liquid/gas), with the liquid or gas passing through a filter, leaving the solid behind.
- Fractional Distillation makes use of the differences in boiling points (volatility) of the components, allowing each substance to be separately vaporized and condensed.