Final answer:
Extrusive igneous rock is the type of rock that forms from the fast cooling of lava on Earth's surface, and it is fine-grained due to the rapid cooling which inhibits large crystal growth.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of rock that forms from the fast cooling of lava on Earth's surface is D) Extrusive igneous rock. This classification is made because when lava reaches the Earth's surface, it cools rapidly, which allows only very tiny crystals to form.
These rocks are also referred to as volcanic igneous rocks because they are extruded, or pushed out onto the surface during volcanic activity. They are often fine-grained and lack the sparkle of larger crystalline rocks because of the quick cooling process that doesn’t allow large crystals to grow.