Final answer:
Soil composition involves a complex interaction of inorganic mineral matter, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms, all of which are influenced by climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time. Biological factors such as flora and fauna contribute significantly to soil structure, while physical properties determine soil quality. so, option b is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Soil Composition in Biology
When working on the soil characteristics of a study area, several factors come into play. The soil is a dynamic entity that changes over time and is affected by five key factors. These factors include the climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time. Soil quality and fertility depend on both biological factors and physical properties. The biological factors such as the presence of living organisms can affect soil formation and structure. These include the production of pores and crevices by animals and microorganisms, and contributions of plant roots and secretions that help develop the soil's rhizosphere. On the other hand, physical properties of soil include its color, particle size, texture, and pH level which play a significant role in soil quality, influencing water retention, nutrient availability, and overall suitability for plant growth.
Soil is composed of four major components: inorganic mineral matter, organic matter, and a combination of water and air, along with the living matter. The inorganic mineral matter includes particles such as sand, silt, and clay, while the organic matter, or humus, is composed of decomposed microorganisms, plants, and animals. Together, these components interact and influence each other, forming a complex ecosystem that is essential for plant life.
When examining the soil, one must consider the unique interactions between these components and the role external factors like climate play in their current state. Understanding this intricate web is crucial for anyone studying soils, whether for agricultural purposes or ecological research.