Final answer:
c) It is difficult to determine as the author's counterarguments are not clearly stated or developed.
Step-by-step explanation:
The effectiveness of an author's counterarguments relies heavily on their clarity, evidence, and development. However, in this instance, the clarity and development of the author's counterarguments appear inadequate or insufficient for a definitive assessment. A well-structured counterargument should provide coherent reasoning, credible evidence, and logical connections to challenge opposing viewpoints effectively. However, in this case, the absence of clear, detailed counterarguments makes it challenging to evaluate their effectiveness accurately.
When assessing the effectiveness of counterarguments, it's essential to consider their relevance to the author's main argument, the strength of evidence provided, and the logical coherence between the counterarguments and the primary standpoint. In this scenario, the lack of elaboration, specific examples, or direct refutation of opposing views inhibits a clear determination of their effectiveness. Without explicit statements or developed reasoning opposing the main viewpoint, it's challenging to conclude whether the author's counterarguments effectively challenge the opposing perspectives or merely provide an unclear or underdeveloped response. Therefore, without a clear articulation and substantiation of the counterarguments, determining their effectiveness remains elusive.