Final answer:
The Colonel's statement in Chekhov's 'A Problem' is a metaphor expressing his frustration over not being understood, reflecting on national identity.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of the historical tensions in North China around July 1937 involving Japanese troops, the statement "I am not speaking Chinese; I am speaking Russian" does not directly relate to the historical events in question. The use of this phrase in the story A Problem by Anton Chekhov is not about actual language, but rather it serves as a metaphor.
The correct answer to why the Colonel says, "I am not speaking Chinese; I am speaking Russian," is option C: he is asserting his national identity and expressing his frustration. This is a metaphorical way to stress that he is speaking clearly and plainly, in a manner that should be understandable to his audience, but he is not being comprehended, leading to his frustration.