Final answer:
c) Writing directly correlates to institutions and cities.
The statement 'Writing directly correlates to institutions and cities' is the most accurate because with the advent of agriculture and specialization, societies required efficient record-keeping and management systems, facilitated by the development of writing, which further supported the complexities of urban life and institutional structures.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the given statements, c) Writing directly correlates to institutions and cities is the most accurate.
Early human settlements and the development of agriculture led to a food surplus which allowed some people to specialize in various trades and roles, including building, pottery, and trade.
This specialization and the subsequent accumulation of surplus products enabled trade, and thus economy and cities to develop.
The creation of writing was a key development from this economic necessity, as it helped in managing complex tasks like record-keeping and communication within growing cities and institutions.
Additionally, as societies became more complex, the division of labor and specialization were crucial in transitioning from simple agrarian communities to larger urban centers with varying social classes.
However, the stratification often resulted in a hierarchical system where those involved in primary food production, despite their critical role in the society's sustenance, didn't necessarily hold high social status.
Instead, wealth accumulation often led to power and authority, with those holding significant resources often becoming the rulers or religious leaders.
Therefore, writing's emergence was a byproduct of the need for efficient management within these growing urban and institutional complexities. It was part of the greater web of economic, political, and social structures that characterized early civilizations.