Final answer:
Local governments in major cities attempted to improve conditions by addressing political corruption, reorganizing government systems, taking control of utilities, and investing in welfare services.
Step-by-step explanation:
Local governments in major cities implemented various measures to improve conditions in the nineteenth century. One approach was to address political corruption and establish more efficient government systems. For example, reformers reorganized local government using the commissioner and city-manager styles of governance, where experts focused on running specific aspects of city government and reported to the city council. Cities also took control of utilities like water, gas, and electricity to ensure more affordable services. Additionally, local governments invested in welfare services such as parks and schools to enhance the quality of life in major cities.