Final answer:
Maximilian Robespierre was guillotined by the National Convention, ending the Reign of Terror and paving the way for Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power.
Step-by-step explanation:
The revolutionary leader guillotined by the National Convention to end his reign and set up Napoleon's rise to power was Maximilian Robespierre. This action followed a period marked by the Reign of Terror during which time Robespierre was one of the leading figures. The execution of Robespierre and his followers by the guillotine effectively marked the end of the Reign of Terror. This abrupt shift in power set the stage for Napoleon Bonaparte to ascend as a leading political figure, ultimately leading to the overthrow of the Directory and Napoleon's installation as the ruler of France.