Final answer:
The later innovation resulting from the domestication of plants and animals is the development of agricultural societies with larger populations, permanent settlements, specialized occupations, and the growth of towns and cities.
Step-by-step explanation:
The later innovation that would be a direct effect of humans learning to adapt over time and ultimately domesticate both plants and animals is the development of agricultural societies. These societies could support larger populations due to the more abundant and reliable food supplies resulting from domestication. This allowed for a more settled way of life, the rise of permanent settlements, the emergence of specialized occupations, the formation of markets, and the growth of towns and cities into regional empires.
Agriculture led to the domestication of numerous types of animals selected for beneficial characteristics such as docility and strength. The deliberate cultivation of edible plants and the selection of desirable traits in crops over generations led to plants that were tastier, more nutritious, and easier to grow, transforming human societies and their environments profoundly.
Ultimately, the domestication of plants and animals served as a turning point, catalyzing a shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to sedentary agricultural communities, thus being the foundation upon which modern civilization was built.