Final answer:
Muslim scholars primarily built upon Greco-Roman culture through the translation and study of ancient texts during the Abbasid Caliphate, with figures like Avicenna and Averroes leading philosophical and scientific advancements. Architecture and urban planning were also influenced by Greco-Roman methods, with new Islamic cities adopting similar layouts. The correct option is B.
Step-by-step explanation:
Muslim scholars built upon the Greco-Roman culture predominantly by translating and studying ancient texts. Under the Abbasid Caliphate, enormous efforts were made to preserve the knowledge from past societies, which involved the translation of works from Greek and Persian into Arabic, significantly contributing to the translation movement. This transfer and assimilation of knowledge occurred in various fields including philosophy, astronomy, medicine, and others.
Significant figures like Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Avicenna and Averroes respectively, played key roles in carrying classical philosophy forward. They, among others, helped to inaugurate the shift from consolidation of Greek learning to a period of philosophical and scientific innovation. The Abbasids' support of multicultural and multiethnic scholars facilitated a boom in scholarly research and the establishment of educational institutions, such as madrasas, which were instrumental in the dissemination and advancement of knowledge.
Additionally, cultural elements like architecture and urban planning were influenced by Greco-Roman models, with new cities built on planned grids of streets at right angles, much like the Hellenistic and Roman model. Mosques served as multifunctional centers for worship, discussion, instruction, and even governmental functions, becoming the heart of these new urban landscapes.
Hence, Option B is correct.