Final answer:
The Enlightenment concept in question is based on John Locke's social contract and popular sovereignty theories, which state that a government is formed to protect people's natural rights and if it fails, citizens can overthrow it.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Enlightenment idea that describes that people have the right to create a government to protect their natural rights and that the government shall protect its citizens is known as the Social Contract Theory. This idea was popularized by the English philosopher John Locke. According to Locke, individuals possess natural rights such as life, liberty, and property, and they enter into a social contract with the government to ensure the protection of these rights.