Final answer:
Surveys are used to collect large amounts of data from participants through questions. Archival research analyzes existing records without participant interaction. Each research method has unique strengths and limitations, and the choice depends on the research question.
Step-by-step explanation:
Surveys are a research tool that allows the collection of data directly from research participants by asking them questions. This method is widely used due to its ability to collect large amounts of data quickly and can be administered in various ways including questionnaires or interviews. Surveys often allow for the data to be generalized to the larger population; however, they also have the limitation of providing less depth of information compared to methods such as clinical or case studies.
Archival research involves the examination of existing records to analyze past data which can unveil patterns or relationships without interacting with participants. It can be an inexpensive way to collect data, though it lacks control over the type and consistency of data collected. Longitudinal research follows the same participants over time, which is beneficial to understand changes over time, while cross-sectional research compares multiple segments of a population at a single time.
Each method has its strengths and weaknesses, and choice of method depends on the nature of the research question. It's crucial for researchers to select the method that best fits their study while being mindful of the limitations, like the potential presence of confounding variables or the issue of attrition in longitudinal studies.