Final answer:
Among the politicians listed, Thomas Jefferson was not an ardent nationalist eager to use federal power to promote rapid development after the War of 1812, unlike Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and John Quincy Adams who supported such measures.
Step-by-step explanation:
After the War of 1812, leading figures like Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and John Quincy Adams were instrumental in promoting the use of federal power to support the nation's development. Henry Clay formulated the American System, which proposed a national bank, a protective tariff, and internal improvements to enhance economic growth. John C. Calhoun supported this system in the House of Representatives, and both actively sought to strengthen the federal government's role in economic affairs.
Meanwhile, as Secretary of State under James Monroe, John Quincy Adams developed policies that sought to promote foreign trade, continental expansion, and reduce European influence in Latin America. These efforts fall under the concept of Congressional Nationalism and Diplomatic Nationalism, aimed at fostering a self-sufficient United States during this period known as the Era of Good Feelings.
In contrast, Thomas Jefferson, although a proponent of certain nationalistic measures during his presidency, was not among those pushing for the use of federal power to promote rapid development after the War of 1812.