Final answer:
Donald Trump was among the birthers who claimed Barack Obama was not a natural-born U.S. citizen; Patrick Henry was not a Federalist and was indeed an anti-Federalist. The definition of "natural-born" citizenship continues to be debated. The correct option is option d.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the options given, the individual who was one of the conspiracy theorists called "birthers" who claimed that President Barack Obama was not a natural-born U.S. citizen is Donald Trump. This controversy pertains to the "Natural-Born Citizen" Clause in the United States Constitution, which is a requirement for election to the office of president or vice president of the United States. Donald Trump was a prominent figure advancing the birther conspiracy theory during Obama's presidency.
Answering Exercise 9.3.4, the person among the given list who was NOT a Federalist is Patrick Henry. He was actually opposed to the Federalist ideals and was a prominent anti-Federalist.
As an extended response, it is important to note that the status of natural-born citizenship has been a subject of debate, especially when considering presidential candidates like Ted Cruz, who was born in Canada to an American mother and Cuban father. Although the law indicates that being born to at least one American parent confers natural-born citizenship, the exact definition of "natural-born" remains a topic of legal and political debate.