Final answer:
Ancient measures were often based on human dimensions, evolving over time to standardized units with the meter becoming internationally recognized in the 18th century. Astronomical measurements required more complex methods, including using Earth's rotation as a baseline.
Step-by-step explanation:
Ancient people measured objects and distances using various methods including the human body for small measures, later evolving into standardized units for more precise commerce and scientific needs.
For example, Eratosthenes measured the Earth's circumference using shadows and sunlight, with his calculations being close to accurate depending on the stadia unit he employed. By contrast, measurements used by surveyors were not functional for astronomical distances; different methods were required for space, such as using Earth's rotation as a baseline for measuring the Moon's distance as done by Ptolemy.
Eventually, the need for consistent measurement units led to the creation of internationally accepted standards like the meter, as defined in the 18th century by the French Academy of Sciences.