Final answer:
A food web is an ecological model that illustrates the complex feeding relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem, providing a holistic view of the interactions among different organisms. option d
Step-by-step explanation:
An ecological model that represents the complex interactions among organisms in a community, from producers to decomposers, and includes multiple pathways through which energy and matter flow, is known as a food web. A food web is a more accurate and holistic representation than a food chain, as it accounts for the fact that many species feed on multiple trophic levels and can have various predators and prey. Food webs show the intricate network of feeding relationships and are essential for understanding ecosystem dynamics and energy transfer.