Final answer:
The upper-tail critical values for different scenarios are 1.645, 1.96, 1.282, 2.33, and 1.96.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine the upper-tail critical value, we need to find the z-score that corresponds to the given confidence level. From the information given:
- a. 1 - a = 0.95, n = 10: The upper-tail critical value is 1.645.
- d. 1 - a = 0.95, n = 31: The upper-tail critical value is 1.96.
- b. 1 - a = 0.90, n = 10: The upper-tail critical value is 1.282.
- e. 1 - a = 0.99, n = 48: The upper-tail critical value is 2.33.
- c. 1 - a = 0.95, n = 66: The upper-tail critical value is 1.96.