Final answer:
The enzymes responsible for destroying the molecules that compose the membrane of the host cell are called phospholipases. These enzymes allow certain bacterial pathogens to escape from phagosomes and contribute to their virulence by causing lysis of host cells.
Step-by-step explanation:
Bacterial pathogens produce various enzymes that contribute to their virulence, including enzymes that degrade the membranes of host cells. These enzymes are called phospholipases, and they specifically target the phospholipids in the membrane, causing lysis of cells like red and white blood cells, and tissue cells. Phospholipases are also involved in helping certain bacteria escape from phagosomes before these can fuse with lysosomes, which is a defense mechanism of phagocytic cells in the immune system designed to kill pathogens. Examples of bacteria that have this mechanism include B. anthracis, L. monocytogenes, and Rickettsia. Thus, the enzymes responsible for the membrane destruction mentioned in the question are phospholipases, as indicated in the provided information.