Final answer:
Eight gluco-regulatory hormones include insulin, glucagon, cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, thyroid hormones, epinephrine, and growth hormone. They are produced in the pancreas, adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, and anterior pituitary gland and work together to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range.
Step-by-step explanation:
List of Gluco-Regulatory Hormones
The endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the body. Here is a list of eight gluco-regulatory hormones, where they are synthesized, and how they affect circulating glucose concentrations:
- Insulin: Produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It stimulates glucose uptake by cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels.
- Glucagon: Produced by alpha cells in the pancreas. It promotes glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose levels.
- Cortisol: A glucocorticoid synthesized in the adrenal cortex. It stimulates gluconeogenesis and raises blood glucose levels.
- Corticosterone: Another glucocorticoid produced in the adrenal cortex, with similar glucose-increasing effects as cortisol.
- Cortisone: A glucocorticoid that also promotes gluconeogenesis and is produced in the adrenal cortex.
- Thyroid hormones (such as thyroxine): Synthesized in the thyroid gland, they have widespread metabolic effects that can indirectly influence blood glucose levels.
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Produced by the adrenal medulla, it stimulates glycogenolysis and increases blood glucose levels during the 'fight or flight' response.
- Growth Hormone (GH): Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, it has a glucose-sparing effect by making tissues use fatty acids instead of glucose for energy, which can result in increased blood glucose concentrations.
The intricate balance of these hormones ensures that blood glucose levels are maintained within a narrow physiological range, crucial for normal body function.